Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider) Finding a...

Finding a Rational God through Nature in Camus The Stranger (The Outsider) Turning towards nature for fulfillment, The Stranger’s Meursault rejects the ideology of God as a savior and is consequently juxtaposed against Jesus Christ’s martyrdom, Christianity and the infamous crucifixion. To the inexperienced reader, Meursault appears to be an extreme atheist. Later in Albert Camus’ novel, he is revealed as a humanistic soul that’s in touch with the universality of the earth and soil he treads upon. Through the use of blunt and undefined nature images, Meursault’s revelations and newfound trust within an environment outside of society are softly whispered by Camus. In essence, Meursault imposes his need for meaning upon nature as†¦show more content†¦To understand Meursault’s mindset, the reader must first look into the author’s perspective on humanism and its relation to Christianity. Camus has been categorized by many critics as a humanist; his outlook on life does not exclude religion but rather com bines it to make the religious experience more realistic and more â€Å"human† (Hanna 48-49). Because Camus intertwines Christianity and his own divine-like humanism, he has been also described as an â€Å"aesthetic humanist† (Cruickshank 315). Although he does not â€Å"believe in God,† Camus refuses to believe that there is no possibility of human transcendence: â€Å"I do not believe in God, that is true, but I am not thereby an atheist† (Peyre 66). He recognizes his â€Å"religious need† (Cruickshank 324) and because of it, does not reject religion. As a result of this â€Å"need,† Camus transforms Christianity to create his own humanistic philosophy. James W. Woelfel’s Camus: A Theological Perspective acknowledges this by contrasting Camus’ â€Å"new humanism† (Bree 48) against Christianity to show the subtle, yet quite extreme differences between the two. Instead of experiencing the â€Å"supernatural† in Ch ristianity, Camus humanistic experiences are equated to being â€Å"natural† (Woelfel 39). Evil, in Camus’ mind, is â€Å"irreconcilable† whereas in Christianity evil is â€Å"part of a larger good† (Woelfel 39). Camus believes in â€Å"exile,† â€Å"human solidarity,†Show MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 Pagesthe mountain people from speaking their own language in the play The Mountain Language are some of the manifold instances of abuse of power and the use of violence to tame the individuals who are termed as ‘abject’1 by the state owing to their very nature of threatening and opposing the authority and superiority of the state’s subject position. It can be observed that in the portrayal of the setting of the play, Pinter is very realistic as he uses familiar surroundings such as a room in a flat or a

Sickle Cell Plan of Care Free Essays

Then, provide a brief description of the pathologically of sickle cell anemia and complete the nursing care plan by filling in the goals, outcomes, and nursing orders for the diagnoses provided in the table. SITUATION: Lavabo is a 30 year old, single African American who was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia when he was 4 years old. He works for a computer company and has been working 12 hour days to meet the deadline for a special project. We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle Cell Plan of Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lavabo is complaining f fatigue and decided to relax by playing golf on a warm Saturday morning. After the seventh hole he experienced odyssey, tingling, and numbness in his legs. After the next hole, he experienced severe pain in his right ankle and knee. He was taken to the local medical center, where he was admitted. Lavabo rates his pain at 8 on a scale of 1-10. The physician ordered oxygen, IV fluids, and a PICA pump with morphine sulfate. Describe the pathologically that occurs in sickle cell anemia (4 points). Sickle cell anemia is the most common form of sickle cell disease which is an inherited, autocross recessive disorder that causes an abnormal hemoglobin cell. The person with this specific disorder inherited hemoglobin S from both parents, also known as homozygous (Lewis, Drinkers, Hitchhiker, Boucher, 2014, up. 644-647). This hemoglobin S results from the substitution of valise for glutamine acid on the B- globing chain of hemoglobin, and this ultimately causes the erythrocyte to stiffen and elongate taking a sickle shape in response to low oxygen levels (Lewis et al. 2014, up. 644-647). Due to the sickle cells elongated shape, and its stiff and sticky consistency it tends to get stuck in capillaries and vessels, and blocks blood flow to limbs and organs (Lewis et al. , 2014, up. 644-647). The major problems with sickle cell anemia is due to their sickles shape, reduced life expectancy and their ability to carry enough hemoglobin or transport it properly to the body to provide adeq uate oxygenation. Therefore a person who has sickle cell anemia has a lower number of red blood cells related to the shortened cell life that dies after only 10-20 days, compared to a normal red blood cell which lives about 120 days (Lewis et al. , 2014, up. 644-647). Bone marrow is unable to keep up with the demand for new red blood cells to replace the dying ones, making a person with sickle cell anemia left in a state of constant inadequate oxygenation (Lewis et al. , 2014, up. 644-647). Occlusion of capillaries and small vessels lead to acute or chronic tissue injury. This leads to further problems related to homeostasis which continues to perpetuate a cycle of local hypoxia, degeneration of more erythrocytes, and more suckling which continue to cause irreversible cell membrane damage (Lewis et al. , 2014, up. 644-647). Unless you’re directly quoting you only need to address the authors once According to Lewis et al. , ASS is xx or write your summary and add to the end of the paragraph (Lewis et al. , 2014 up. 644-647) since all your information is from 1 source. If your quoting directly from the source you need to enclose in † Nursing Diagnoses Pain related to occlusion of small vessel by sickle cells as evidenced by severe pain in art. Knee and ankle. Altered tissue perfusion related to a decreased number of Orb’s and decreased oxygenation as manifested by odyssey, tingling/numbness in ankle and knees. Activity Intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, as manifested by fatigue, odyssey, How to cite Sickle Cell Plan of Care, Papers

Executive Functioning in Alzheimers Disease

Question: Discuss about theExecutive Functioning in Alzheimers Disease. Answer: Introduction Alzheimers disease (AD) is a neurogenerative disease, progressive and irreversible in nature. Alzheimer is a type of dementia that causes problems with thinking, memory and behavior accounting for 60% of the total types of dementia. It is a form of dementia where there is severe impairment of cognitive abilities and memory loss (McKhann et al., 2011). The symptoms develop with age and are worsened with advancing age. The age of onset is mid 60s, in the early stages, there is mild memory loss, and with advancement, an individual is not able to respond to the environment. The Alzheimer disease has no permanent cure, however, there are ways to improve the quality of life and to slow the worsening symptoms of the people with Alzheimer (Alzheimer's Association, 2013). According to Alzheimers Society in United Kingdom, in 2015, around 850,000 people was suffering from the disease and is one of the leading cause of death among the females contributing to 13.4% deaths (Murray et al., 2013). In United Kingdom, the number of people living with Alzheimer is forecasted to increase to 1 million by the year 2025 and by 2051; over 2 million people would have Alzheimers disease. Currently, around 36 million people are suffering from Alzheimer worldwide with 28 million people are living with the disease without any diagnosis. According to World Health Organization, Alzheimer is the most challenged global disease and should include this disease in the public health planning (Wimo et al., 2013). Many risk factors contribute to the disease like age, family history, genetic factors and environmental factors. As the disease is likely to cause in older people, so the people in mid 60s and above are prone to this disease. Family history is the another risk factor for Alzheimer. The Familial Alzheimer disease accounts for 5% of all cases of the Alzheimer disease with alterations or changes in the specific genes that are passed on from one generation to another (Lambert et al., 2013). The risk genes that have been discovered so far are APP, PSI and PS2 genes. If any kind of alteration occurs in any kind of genes, an individual will have a great chance of developing the Alzheimer disease at an early age. However, some contributing factors increase the risk for Alzheimer disease. The apolipoprotein E-e4 or APOE-e4 is the strongest risk gene that has an impact on the Alzheimers disease. Females are more likely to get affected with AD due to their longevity partly (Yu, Tan Hardy, 2014 ). Memory loss is the main symptom of Alzheimer that disrupts the normal functioning of the brain declining the thinking, memory and reasoning skills. An individual is not able to perform any kind of tasks, confusion in place or time, decreased judgment and changes in personality and mood. AD greatly affect the executive functioning in an individual affected with the disease as one is unable to plan, organize and carry out a set of tasks given in an efficient manner It also affects the ability of self-monitoring, control behavior and cognitive function. According to Ball et al., (2008) a person has impairment in performing the daily life activities with impairment in memory. The executive functioning (EF) is greatly affected in AD and it increases with advancing age. The executive functioning that involves the making of appropriate decisions, paying attention, working memory, focusing on important details, goal accomplishment and finishing of task is greatly affected due to early onset of AD. With the progress of AD, there are changes in the executive functioning affecting the memory, judgment and attention of an individual with response to the environment. The following essay deals with the effect of AD on the executive functioning during the early years. According to Allain, Etcharry-Bouyx Verny, (2013) there is impairment of executive functioning in Alzheimer affecting the daily activities and hampering the ability of an individual to cope up with behavior. From the last 15 years, in the preclinical and clinical AD, there is impaired executive functioning and memory that starts with the visuospatial and language deficits. In early AD, executive functioning impairment is present in the patients with cerebra hypometabolism in the frontal cerebral and posterior areas and also in patients having hypometabolism restricted to parietal and temporal cerebra lobes (Albert et al., 2011). According to Visser et al., (2009) in preclinical AD, there is subtle decline in the cognitive functioning and no decline in the daily functioning. The better assessment of executive functioning at the preclinical AD stage could help in developing effective interventions for the proper executive functioning and improving the quality of life of the patients w ith AD. According to Martyr Clare, (2012) EF assessment and the activities associated with daily living are the important elements for the AD diagnosis. The results of the study suggested that there is a link between the EF and daily life activities that are greatly affected by AD during the early years. Before the diagnosis of AD, executive dysfunction is present that is the underlying cause associated with AD. The ability to perform everyday work including driving is affected moderately in the individuals with AD. According to Stopford et al., (2012) the impairment of executive function is greatly associated with the AD. There is deficit in working memory of an individual and considered as a recognized feature. There is frontal lobe dysfunction with impaired executive dysfunction in early onset AD patients that includes deficit in attention, response inhibition and set shifting. The results showed that the posterior hemispheres are involved in the working memory, failure of execu tive function and attention associated with frontal lobe failure in early onset of AD. Arguably, according to Kirova, Bays Lagalwar, (2015) AD is a neurogenerative, progressive disorder in which there is markedly deficit in working and episodic memory and executive function. The executive dysfunction in early AD patients includes divided attention and poor selective, poor manipulation of skills with failed inhibition of interfering stimuli. During the preclinical stage in AD, there is impairment of executive function during the mild cognitive impairment. The study highlights that the cognitive dysfunction may progress from the mild cognitive impairment to AD with significant executive function changes and working memory. The working memory greatly declines with neurological and behavioral differences that pave the way for the diagnosis and prevention of AD. Arguably, according to Raji et al., (2010) the assessment of executive function in terms of deficit of effective decision-making is more pronounced in mild cognitive impairment than AD. However, there is executive dysfunction in addition to episodic memory dysfunction in early stage of AD emphasizing on executive functioning skills divided or selective attention, manipulation, inhibition and task switching. According to Marshall et al., (2011) there is impairment of daily life activities that leads to the loss of productivity in early stages of AD. The executive dysfunction is an important contributor that is associated with functional impairment. The study showed that there is a significant relationship between the daily life activities and executive dysfunction associated with early onset in AD. The results showed that executive dysfunction is an important contributor to the impairment of ability to perform daily activities. This relationship is greatly evident in which there is memory deficit in AD with cognitive impairment. With the advancement in age, the executive dysfunction becomes more prominent with complex attention, with visual and verbal organization, working memory, reasoning, planning and judgment. The association between executive dysfunction and impairment in daily activities has clinical significance for the identification of progressing AD. This is helpful in identify ing the early treatment options that specifically targets cognitive dysfunction beneficial for the maintenance of patient independence (Robert et al., 2009). According to Koedam et al., (2010) executive dysfunction is a very common symptom in AD, however, its relationship with other symptoms is difficult in assessing the patients in AD. There is frontal lobe dysfunction in AD patients and executive dysfunction being the important assessment parameter in diagnosing AD. According to Pereira et al., (2008) the executive dysfunction is a manifestation in AD that is common in all the stages, however, it is mild with 64% of prevalence in AD patients. Arguably, according to Reinvang, Grambaite Espeseth, (2012) executive dysfunction occurs in mild cognitive impairment individuals that includes attention and significant for prognosis. The executive dysfunction is a parameter in patients with mild cognitive impairment that might progress to AD. The changes in the executive function may acts as a cognitive marker for the tracking of the pathophysiological process in AD. The ED has negative influence that impairs the ability to perform and manage th e daily life activities and add to the risk for the progression of the disease from mild cognitive impairment to AD. According to a study conducted by Grober et al., (2008) showed that there is specific behavior and cognitive symptoms associated with executive dysfunction in the AD patients. There are frontally mediated disturbances in behavior that are associated with functional impairment in AD ranging from mild-to-moderate. Arguably, according to Possin et al., (2013) the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) patients exhibited a circumscribed pattern of executive function impairment that involves letter fluency, verbal working memory, controlled attention and category fluency. These characteristics act best to differentiate bvFTD from AD and assessment of executive dysfunction support bvFTD strongly. The patients with bvFTD exhibited pervasive pattern in executive dysfunction that includes impairment in verbal and spatial working memory. According to Esposito et al., (2010) in AD, there is multitasking deficits and lack of initiative in the patients, which have a specific character and is the key to the goal-directed behavior, also called apathy that is defined goal-directed behaviors reduction that are voluntary in nature. According to Wolk et al., (2010) the major 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the genetic risk factor for AD. The 4 allele gene carriers have greater effects on the pathology of medial temporal lobe with poorer memory than the non-carriers of the disease. However, the carriers of the APOE gene displayed significant impairment in terms of memory retention, and the non-carriers showed impairment in terms of executive control, working memory and lexical access (Wadley et al., 2008). According to Bruen et al., (2008) executive dysfunction is greatly associated with apathy and agitation in Alzheimers disease. Apathy is linked to executive dysfunction or the ventral frontal area atrophy. This atrophy is also associated with ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (BA47)that may also be associated to the role of the region like social cognition or executive dysfunction. The results of the study conducted by Huntley Howard, (2010) showed that during the early stages and preclinical AD, when the disease is mild, there is impairment of tasks that assess visuospatial sketchpad function (VSS), however, also requires executive functioning by the centrally located executive system (CES). This paper shows the evidence that the central executive system (CES) is impaired during mild AD and might get affected during the preclinical AD stage. According to Brown et al., (2011) there is gradual decrease in the processing of the speed where that accelerates in incipient dementia. The ons et of decrements in speed processing marks the initial onset of mild cognitive impairment in daily functioning; however, there is executive dysfunction and severe daily functioning impairments as AD progresses. However, further research is required to test the above hypothesis (Vaughan Giovanello, 2010). An array of extensive studies has been done to explain the effect of preclinical and early stages of Alzheimer disease on the executive functioning. The risk factors for AD also include gender where females are more likely to get affected with AD than females due to increased longevity. However, there is limited research conducted in determining factors other than age that heightens a females chance of developing AD than males. There are also limitations regarding the risk factors that cause AD and impairment in executive function (Mielke, Vemuri Rocca, 2014). Most importantly, there is a research gap regarding the measures of executive functions that are associated with AD in the preclinical or early onset stage. Extensive research is required for the identification of good executive marker that can be proposed for studying the extent of executive dysfunction in early AD. There is also a requirement of future research regarding the central executive functioning at earlier stages of AD that can be combined with longitudinal studies. There is also a requirement to learn the processing of executive dysfunction in AD and how people get affected by it. Future research is required to investigate the course and onset of executive function impairment longitudinal to discern that processing speed, memory deficits or atrophy related to onset and progression of executive dysfunction during the progression of the disease (Seo et al., 2017). References Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., ... Snyder, P. J. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimers disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimers Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's dementia,7(3), 270-279. Allain, P., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., Verny, C. (2013). Executive functions in clinical and preclinical Alzheimer's disease.Revue neurologique,169(10), 695-708. Alzheimer's Association. (2013). 2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.Alzheimer's dementia,9(2), 208-245. Ball, S. L., Holland, A. J., Treppner, P., Watson, P. C., Huppert, F. A. (2008). Executive dysfunction and its association with personality and behaviour changes in the development of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome and mild to moderate learning disabilities.British Journal of Clinical Psychology,47(1), 1-29. Brown, P. J., Devanand, D. P., Liu, X., Caccappolo, E. (2011). Functional impairment in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer disease.Archives of general psychiatry,68(6), 617-626. Bruen, P. D., McGeown, W. J., Shanks, M. F., Venneri, A. (2008). Neuroanatomical correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease.Brain,131(9), 2455-2463. Esposito, F., Rochat, L., Van der Linden, A. C. J., Lekeu, F., Quittre, A., Charnallet, A., Van der Linden, M. (2010). Apathy and executive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease.Alzheimer Disease Associated Disorders,24(2), 131-137. Grober, E., Hall, C. B., Lipton, R. B., Zonderman, A. B., Resnick, S. M., Kawas, C. (2008). Memory impairment, executive dysfunction, and intellectual decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,14(02), 266-278. Huntley, J. D., Howard, R. J. (2010). Working memory in early Alzheimer's disease: a neuropsychological review.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,25(2), 121-132. Kirova, A. M., Bays, R. B., Lagalwar, S. (2015). Working memory and executive function decline across normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimers disease.BioMed research international,2015. Koedam, E. L., Lauffer, V., van der Vlies, A. E., van der Flier, W. M., Scheltens, P., Pijnenburg, Y. A. (2010). Early-versus late-onset Alzheimer's disease: more than age alone.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,19(4), 1401-1408. Lambert, J. C., Ibrahim-Verbaas, C. A., Harold, D., Naj, A. C., Sims, R., Bellenguez, C., ... Grenier-Boley, B. (2013). Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease.Nature genetics,45(12), 1452-1458. Marshall, G. A., Rentz, D. M., Frey, M. T., Locascio, J. J., Johnson, K. A., Sperling, R. A., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2011). Executive function and instrumental activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's Dementia,7(3), 300-308. Martyr, A., Clare, L. (2012). Executive function and activities of daily living in Alzheimers disease: a correlational meta-analysis.Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders,33(2-3), 189-203. McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., ... Mohs, R. C. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimers disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimers Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's dementia,7(3), 263-269. Mielke, M. M., Vemuri, P., Rocca, W. A. (2014). Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimers disease: assessing sex and gender differences.Clin Epidemiol,6, 37-48. Murray, C. J., Richards, M. A., Newton, J. N., Fenton, K. A., Anderson, H. R., Atkinson, C., ... Braithwaite, T. (2013). UK health performance: findings of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The lancet,381(9871), 997-1020. Pereira, F. S., Yassuda, M. S., Oliveira, A. M., Forlenza, O. V. (2008). Executive dysfunction correlates with impaired functional status in older adults with varying degrees of cognitive impairment.International Psychogeriatrics,20(06), 1104-1115. Possin, K. L., Feigenbaum, D., Rankin, K. P., Smith, G. E., Boxer, A. L., Wood, K., ... Kramer, J. H. (2013). Dissociable executive functions in behavioral variant frontotemporal and Alzheimer dementias.Neurology,80(24), 2180-2185. Raji, C. A., Ho, A. J., Parikshak, N. N., Becker, J. T., Lopez, O. L., Kuller, L. H., ... Thompson, P. M. (2010). Brain structure and obesity.Human brain mapping,31(3), 353-364. Reinvang, I., Grambaite, R., Espeseth, T. (2012). Executive dysfunction in MCI: subtype or early symptom.International journal of Alzheimers disease,2012. Robert, P., Onyike, C. U., Leentjens, A. F. G., Dujardin, K., Aalten, P., Starkstein, S., ... Bayle, F. (2009). Proposed diagnostic criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders.European Psychiatry,24(2), 98-104. Seo, E. H., Kim, H., Choi, K. Y., Lee, K. H., Choo, I. H. (2017). Association of subjective memory complaint and depressive symptoms with objective cognitive functions in prodromal Alzheimer's disease including pre-mild cognitive impairment.Journal of Affective Disorders. Stopford, C. L., Thompson, J. C., Neary, D., Richardson, A. M., Snowden, J. S. (2012). Working memory, attention, and executive function in Alzheimers disease and frontotemporal dementia.Cortex,48(4), 429-446. Vaughan, L., Giovanello, K. (2010). Executive function in daily life: Age-related influences of executive processes on instrumental activities of daily living.Psychology and aging,25(2), 343. Visser, P. J., Verhey, F., Knol, D. L., Scheltens, P., Wahlund, L. O., Freund-Levi, Y., ... Brger, K. (2009). Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: a prospective cohort study.The Lancet Neurology,8(7), 619-627. Wadley, V. G., Okonkwo, O., Crowe, M., Ross-Meadows, L. A. (2008). Mild cognitive impairment and everyday function: evidence of reduced speed in performing instrumental activities of daily living.The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,16(5), 416-424. Wimo, A., Jnsson, L., Bond, J., Prince, M., Winblad, B., International, A. D. (2013). The worldwide economic impact of dementia 2010.Alzheimer's Dementia,9(1), 1-11. Wolk, D. A., Dickerson, B. C., Weiner, M., Aiello, M., Aisen, P., Albert, M. S., ... Arnold, S. (2010). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype has dissociable effects on memory and attentionalexecutive network function in Alzheimers disease.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,107(22), 10256-10261. Yu, J. T., Tan, L., Hardy, J. (2014). Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease: an update.Annual review of neuroscience,37, 79-100.

The Shortage in the Supply of Clean Water free essay sample

However, according to a study carried by the journal Nature, if the Earth warms just a  degree  or two Celsius in coming decades, regions that depend on runoff from mountain snows for drinking water and farming will face shortages. Actually water shortage caused by global warming is due to the increase in demand for water but not a drop in water supply. When there is global warming, the rise in earth’s temperature will lead to an increase in the evaporation rate of the moisture in soils, thus increasing the demands on irrigation in agricultural activities. Moreover, higher temperature will speed up the water cycle as water evaporates at a faster rate and rain more often and plants will benefit less. There will be the depletion of water tables and lead to water shortage. Therefore, although the amount of water available in the world does not change when there is global warming, the rise in demand for water can still trigger the problem of water shortage. We will write a custom essay sample on The Shortage in the Supply of Clean Water or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page b. Increasing population The world population increase by 1%-3% annually and more people results in a need for more water. Industrial, agricultural and economic activities increase its water demand too. In some regions of even the most developed countries, people consume about 80% of their available fresh water supply at any given point in time. Problem exists when the increasing demand of water cannot keep pace with the limited supply of water. There is a report called â€Å"More people, Less Water† commissioned by Population Matters from an LSE  graduate student which reviewed that people will need between 1. 5 and 4. 9 million more tonnes of water (cubic metres) per day  if the population keep on rising. These are worrying figures implying the danger of water shortage and a rise in the cost of building new pipelines, sewage treatment and more long-distance pumping etc. This problem will keep on worsening if we do not take any actions to conserve water properly and gradually lead to water shortage which affects everyone’s life. c. Pollution Polluting water will reduce the water supply and lead to the problem of water shortage. Pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture, sewer overflows and oil and grease from roads are examples of pollutants which will eventually run off into the water systems. Other sources of excess nutrients include lawn fertilizers, pet and farm animal waste, decaying plant material, failing septic tanks, and inefficient sewage treatment plants. Besides, industry such as industrial plants and municipal wastewater treatment plants is also the leading producer of sewage which will enter streams and rivers and ultimately lakes, estuaries and coastal waters. According to the statistical study carried by the Shanghai Star magazine, producing one ton of steel requires 20 to 60 cubic metres of water in Shanghai while in the US and Japan 6 cubic metres of water are required. Due to huge amount of pollutants enter the water systems, water is heavily polluted and it will badly affect the provision of clean drinking water as polluted water is not always reusable. Therefore, pollution lowers the quality of water and reduces the amount of water available for use. d. Poor water management Although the supply of water in the world is limited, water shortage can still be avoided by better water management. However, some responsible agency did not take proper actions to conserve water. For example, water leakages are not properly prevented with regular maintenance of water containers and water distribution systems. Also, the number of water tankers or any other water related facilities are not adequate to store water for future use and the sewage treatment system is not well operated and supervised to prevent water being contaminated by pollutants and water can be reused. Fines should be imposed on anyone who wastes this precious source on other unnecessary areas as well as industries which continuously emit toxic substances to pollute water in order to punish them for the misuse of water and educate them to conserve water. Dams or other constructions should also be built to reduce flooding. After all, poor water management will speed up the occurrence of water shortage and become a threat of our life to us. e. Increasing water consumption The ever-growing water consumption of people leads to water shortage by wasting water in other needless areas. In our daily lives, people are not aware of conserving water. Instead, they consume much water for their convenience. For example, people do not wash their cars with a sponge and a bucket in their driveways anymore. They drive through car washes which utilize dozens of gallons of water in one wash. Another example is that people opt for much quicker showers which have a constant stream of water flowing and draining since they no longer have time to bath. Besides, there is theme park like Ocean Park in Hong Kong with water attractions that consume hundreds of thousands of gallons of water per day. We can surely adopt another way to take a bath, to wash a car or to promote the theme park. But people seldom try to help to conserve water and cause water wastage. So, we increase water consumption for our convenience and enjoyment but at the same time paid a cost which is water shortage. . Consequences a. Disruption of agricultural activities According to research done by Shiklomanov, water usage for irrigation represent 66% of the total usage and up to 90 % in arid regions, the other 34 % being used by domestic households (10 %), industry (20 %), or evaporated from reservoirs (4 %) and we can know how important water is for irrigation of crops. Most plants need water to stay alive. Without water, crops cannot grow healthily and eventually died. Farmers wont be able to produce enough to stay in business and the price of food will go through the roof. They have to think of other alternative ways to irrigate their land for the crops since their regular water sources are always running dry, such as spend money on buying clean water or deliver water from places which are far away from their land. Food supply will then be badly affected as there is unstable supply of food from the farmland with unstable supply of water. Water shortage might lead to dry up of rivers or even desertification, which means the degradation of land  in any  dry lands, as lands become dry with little water moisture and cannot produce any food. Overall, agricultural activities cannot be smoothly carried out without water and badly affect food supply. b. Privatization of water When water becomes scarce, it is not surprised that the price of water will rise because there must be people who want to make a profit by the provision of limited supply of this precious resource while the market have a high demand in water. So many corporations are trying to privatize access to water in order to make water officially as a need rather than right. If water is a need, the private sector could provide this resource, through the market on a for-profit basis. On the other hand, if water is a right, the government will be responsible for ensuring all citizens have the equal access to water on a non-profit basis. For example, the World Bank has made privatization of urban water systems as a condition for receiving new loans and debt restructuring. Not only will this phenomenon increase the cost of living of the citizens with higher water cost, but also it is unfair to those who are not wealthy enough to buy adequate water for their daily needs. It creates the trend of â€Å"more money, more water, better living† which cannot raise the standard of living. Privatization of water will only worsen the problem of water shortage as well as the lives of all citizens. c. Poor sanitation and health of people The World Health Organization has identified clean water as the single most important factor in determining public health as it is what people daily intake. Without clean drinking water, human being surely cannot live for a long period. Besides, the human need for basic hygiene cannot be fulfilled without water. People cannot wash their body and clothes and clean themselves. As their basic hygiene need is not met and harmful virus or bacteria cannot be killed, it will reduce their resistance to diseases and cannot prevent infection from diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, salmonellosis, other gastrointestinal viruses, and dysentery. Also, when water was scarce, people might often force to rely on drinking water sources that might not be safe. It will increase the chance of people being contaminated and badly affect their health. Therefore, a normal person without water in his or her daily life is more likely to be sick or even died. d. Disruption of aquatic life Creatures which live in the water are also the victims of water shortage. When water shortage exists, river may dry up due to global warming and evaporation and aquatic lives in the river will soon be dead without water. Also, when the demand for water is high, people might get water from the sea. The sea level will become lower which is bad for the living of animals in the sea. The death or destruction of the aquatic life leads to the collapse of the fishery too. It is because the number of fishes collected will be smaller and they are difficult to stay in their business.